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In order to comply with modern Euro 4, Euro 5 and Euro 6 environmental standards, which limit the pollutant content of exhaust gases, almost all heavy-duty vehicle manufacturers use selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology. This technology is based on the purification of diesel combustion products using a special liquid called AdBlue.
The SCR system includes a heated AdBlue tank, a reagent pump, a fluid injection nozzle and a catalyst in which the AdBlue is mixed with the incoming exhaust gases. As a result of a chemical reaction, harmful nitrogen oxides are neutralised and the toxicity of the exhaust gas is reduced.
AdBlue is a solution of highly purified urea (32.5%) in demineralized water (67.5%). AdBlue is designed to neutralize nitrogen oxides (NOx) contained in the products of diesel combustion. Once in the exhaust stream, AdBlue reacts chemically with NOx, breaking it down into nitrogen and water. In this way, the AdBlue reagent makes it possible to reduce the amount of harmful substances in the exhaust of heavy-duty vehicles by an order of magnitude and ensures their compliance with modern environmental standards. It is important to note that the AdBlue liquid is non-toxic, non-flammable and non-explosive, therefore harmless to humans and animals.
AdBlue is often called urea. This is only partly true as the technology for producing AdBlue and urea is significantly different. The urea (urea) used to produce AdBlue is highly purified. Only demineralised water is used, as the metal salts present in ordinary (including distilled) water clog the catalyst, eventually leading to its failure. Therefore, the finished AdBlue cannot be diluted with water. Furthermore, at low temperatures it freezes and can damage system components. Thus, the use of conventional urea dissolved in water in the SCR system is unacceptable.
AdBlue storage containers must only be original, made of high-density polyethylene or polypropylene, and of high-alloy austenitic steels. It is not permitted to store AdBlue in containers made of zinc, aluminium, copper, cast iron, brass, as contact of the reagent with these forms salts which, if they get into the catalyst, can damage it.
Emission standards only specify the allowable concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas, and SCR catalysts are currently the most common technology for reducing emissions of these harmful gases. However, there are still cars on the market that, at least in theory, meet the Euro 6 standard and do not need AdBlue. In addition to SCR catalytic converters, storage catalysts are used, where the nitrogen oxides are stored in a special container and "heated" from time to time as the engine runs. These catalysts are cheaper to produce but inefficient, especially for large engines, which significantly increases fuel consumption.